Dichotomy Between Theory and Practice in Education

The interaction between â€Å"theory† and â€Å"practice† in education is a dichotomy that people have been trying to understand for over 2,000 years. The relationship between theorists and practitioners is very complicated because there are issues that surround the pace of change in theory and practice. The debates that have occurred continue to occur through today in an array of perspectives about the purpose of education and about how to encourage learning. Practical knowledge can be defined as knowledge inhibited through practice, action, or experience. Theoretical knowledge is an idea that is a logical explanation of a set of relationships that has been experimented with plenty of research. Theorists are people who carry out in-depth research†¦show more content†¦Educators will develop a unique way of learning from their personal experiences. Professionals learn which learning theories are more effective for them to use in the classroom. In addition to thi s, educators can have certain classroom practices that can reflect their personalities and experiences. During the twentieth century, intellectual thinking has been conquered by a strong dissimilarity between theory and practice. Theoretical knowledge was considered to be of a higher standing and of more value than concrete skills. Much of the educational research concentrated on theory formation, both explanatory, for explanation, and authoritarian, for behavioral instructions. As a result, educationalists in different subjects and professions were challenged with the problem of bridging the gap between theory and practice, an undertaking that never seemed to be successful. During the previous few years, this dilemma has been evaluated in many dissimilar fields of education. Educators developed different models of knowledge in many different ways to solve the dichotomy between theory and practice. A theory should be developed from practical experience as well as research. One aspect of the learning process is any given theory. Educators can watch and carefully observe how their studen ts learn things and what they can do. From observations, professionals can create an explanation or a theory of an aspect of the learning process, such as Bloom’sShow MoreRelatedWhy The Ndp 11 Was Suspended1207 Words   |  5 Pagesalong with independence; respect for political control along with a commitment for to shape and implement policy in ways that promote the public interest. Interestingly Professor Good (1994:501) revealed corrupt and malpractices in the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Local Government, Lands, and Housing were†¦ The contract for the supply of teaching materials for the country s primary schools in 1990 was awarded to the International Project Managers (1PM) without any examination of the companyRead MoreDurkheim on Totemism1573 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿In order to truly assess the legitimacy of Durkheim s functionalist definition of religion, his notion of Social facts, (upon which his theory is constructed) must be examined. Durkheim advocated that amongst the reputable fields of biology, psychology and history, Sociology also warranted a specific focus. It was, for him: a sui generis something that had to be explained on its own terms. 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For a moment, Liberal Arts caught my eye as it gave me the freedom to explore my own identity. However, upon sharing this out loud with those

The War That Transformed The World - 2362 Words

The War That Transformed the World Before 1914, European conflict had been escalating for some time. Serbian nationalism was a strong force within the Serbians, and they saw the Austro-Hungarian Empire as a threat to their nationalistic desires. On June 28 1914, Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, who was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. While the immediate cause of World War I is most commonly attributed to this assassination, the system of alliances that existed before the assassination is responsible for the war being spread to a larger global scale. By the time this assassination occurred, two major alliances had already been formed. The Triple Alliance included the powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, while the Triple Entente consisted of Britain, France, and Russia. Austria-Hungary spent the month following the assassination gaining Germany’s support against Serbia. 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Describe and Evaluate the Evolutionary Theory of Food Preferences Free Essays

Describe and evaluate the evolutionary theory of food preferences According to an evolutionary approach current human behaviour can be understood in terms of how it may have been adaptive in our ancestral past. Evolutionary theorists are concerned with behaviour which is adaptive and having survival value, these researchers look for ultimate explanations. Current behaviours may be maladaptive and dysfunctional but can be understood as having been adaptive and functional in some way. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe and Evaluate the Evolutionary Theory of Food Preferences or any similar topic only for you Order Now To undertake this type of analysis they draw on the theory of natural selection and suggest that all species including humans, evolve through a process of natural selection and that only those characteristics that confer advantage or at least do not confer disadvantage survive as the species evolve. This is an interactionist approach, as an individual’s genetic predisposition is assumed to interact with their environment. In terms of eating behaviour, an evolutionary psychologist is interested in the following questions: â€Å"Are there innate preferences for certain foods? †, â€Å"How would these preferences have been adaptive in the past? and â€Å"How do these preferences function now? † Early research by Davis investigated the eating behaviour of infants and young children. Davis observed the kinds of choice children living in a paediatric unit made in relation to their diet. Based on her data, Davis concluded that young children have an innate, regulatory mechanism and are able to select a healthy diet. However she emphasized that they could only do this if healthy food was available and suggested that the children’s food preferences changed over time and ere modified by experience. Subsequent research has provided further support for some form of innate regulatory mechanisms. For example, there is consistent evidence that newborn babies demonstrate innate food preferences. Using facial expressions and sucking behaviour as an index of preference, babies have been shown to prefer sweet tasting substances and to reject bitter tastes. There is also some evidence for an innate preference for salt, based on animal research, although this has been controversial together, these studies suggest that some food preferences are innate. Beauchamp and Moran (1982) reported however that six month old babies who were accustomed to drinking sweetened water drank more sweetened water than those babies who were not. So although innate food preferences may exist, these may be modified very quickly by learning and familiarity. Our early human ancestors lived in hunter-gatherer communities in which the men were responsible for hunting and the women were responsible for gathering. Their diets consisted mainly of fruits, berries, vegetables and some meat. Our innate food preferences can be explained in different forms. An innate preference for sweet foods would have encouraged people to eat fruit with its natural fructose content. Sweet foods in nature provide important calories which are needed for energy. Natural avoidance of bitter foods would have helped to protect people from eating food that was poisonous. This would also have been helped by neophobia. A preference for salt is less easy to explain, although we do know that salt is essential for the sodium balance in our bodies. Sheep manage their sodium levels by licking naturally occurring minerals that contain salt because grass has very low sodium content. Human beings on the other hand have very little need for additional salt, particularly if they eat meat. The innate preference for salt may therefore have originally functioned by encouraging people to eat meat. In our ancestral past the main challenge facing people would have been avoiding malnutrition by eating enough food to support a physically active lifestyle. Our innate food preferences may have helped us to survive. However for much of the modern world, food is no longer scarce and our lives are no longer as physically active. Nowadays a preference for sweet foods may no longer encourage a person to eat berries, but rather to eat highly calorific, energy-dense foods, such as chocolate bars. Furthermore a preference for salty foods may facilitate the consumption of high-fat foods flavoured with salt, such as chips and processed foods. An evolutionary explanation for obesity has been put forward based on biological preferences for foods which cause overeating and problems with weight in our modern world, which has been called an â€Å"obesongenic environment†. There are many factors in our environment, such as fast food outlets and cars, which encourage an unhealthy lifestyle and may contribute to higher levels of obesity. Like biological explanations, evolutionary explanations of eating might be regarded as an oversimplification by suggesting that adaptiveness is the single, guiding principle. Such explanations are also determinists as they propose that eating behaviour is determined by past environments, thereby overlooking the notion of free will and the fact that human behaviour is affected by many other factors such as thought, emotions and social factors. Evolutionary drives are moderated and modified by social drives. Evolutionary approaches can explain innate food preferences that were important for our ancestor’s survival. An innate preference for sweet foods may lead us to consume energy-dense foods, such as chocolate bars, which are longer needed in the current obesogenic environment of the Western world, and can help to explain the recent upsurge in obesity. Innate preferences for food can be used to demonstrate the wisdom of the body, the existence of biological drives and also the importance of the environment. It is also difficult to measure eating behaviour accurately in a research context. The central concept of adaptiveness can be applied to many behaviours, including eating and is difficult to demonstrate empirically or disapprove. This means that we have no means of establishing the validity of the explanation. A strength of evolutionary explanations is that they consider ultimate causes and so may lead to more valid ways of treating seemingly maladaptive behaviours by taking account of their adaptive significance and not merely focusing on the proximate problem. Evolutionary explanations appear to suggest that we are no longer adapting to changing environmental conditions. Some scientists believe that humans are continuing to evolve both physically and psychological and are doing so at a faster rate that any other close species. How to cite Describe and Evaluate the Evolutionary Theory of Food Preferences, Essays

To What Extent Is The Conservative free essay sample

Whilst many within the Conservative party still believe themselves to be on he Right of the Political Spectrum it has become clear that under Cameramans leadership the Party has slowly but surely edged its way toward the centre of British Politics. We can see that apart from retaining a few Of the traditional Conservative principles the Party has become more liberal in its stance, this could be attributed in part to the Coalition Government but more, in my opinion, to David Cameramans personal opinions.This has left a vacuum on the far-right which has now been filled by SKIP who encompass the traditional Conservative mind-set. We can see however that not all within Cameramans Party are happy with the centralization and so a number have jumped ship to join Forages party. Parallels can be drawn be;en Cameron and his predecessor, Margaret Thatcher: Cameron is a supporter of the free market economy; has voiced his support of foreign investment; supports a competitive market which brings benefits like jobs and cheaper prices. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Is The Conservative or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cameron has spoken publicly about the need for the free market economy and said that they were the best imaginable force for improving human wealth and happiness. Cameron has invested huge amounts of money into the NASH, to not only make short-term improvements but ensure the future of he publicly-funded health service as an establishment that is a source of national pride. Cameron s passionate commitment to the NASH stemmed mainly from the treatment of his terminally ill son Ivan who died in 2009. This commitment has marked him out from other Tory leaders.The concept of the NASH opposes the ideals of New Right Conservatism which believes that prevarication of nationwide services such as the health service is the most beneficial path for the country. Throughout his time as the Party leader, David Cameron has repeatedly talked about the Big Society which has the idea of Noblesse Oblige at its centre. He places strong emphasis upon giving aid to those who are less fortunate which is particularly in-line with Disraeli ideas of One-Nation Conservatism.Cameramans focus on maintaining the Auks Welfare System is in direct contrast to the traditional or New Right Conservative view that giving financial/social aid to others makes the people lazy and reliant. Due to the way in which the Conservative party got into Government in 201 0, by forming a Coalition with the Liberal Democrats it could be said that David Cameron is closer to traditional Conservatism in his adhering. His pragmatic approach after the election ensured that his Party did gain power after shrewd dealing with Nick College and the Liberals.